Inadequate nutrition, poor healthcare, and limited stimulation can constrain early childhood development and cognitive potential, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This systematic review assessed the long-term impact of maternal multiple micronutrient (MMN) supplementation and early-childhood point-of-use micronutrient powders (MNPs) on cognitive development among children aged 4–14 years.
Ten studies met the inclusion criteria, mostly conducted in Asia, with one each in Tanzania and Peru. Interventions included maternal supplementation during pregnancy or lactation, early-childhood MNPs, or both. While most findings were not statistically significant, two UNIMMAP-based trials suggested modest long-term improvements in procedural memory and intelligence, and one early-childhood MNP trial indicated enhanced pre-academic skills.
Evidence remains limited, highlighting the need for further research to clarify the potential of MMN and MNP interventions to support cognitive development in LMICs.